In the context of international relations, what does 'state' refer to?

The term 'state' in international relations specifically refers to a political entity characterized by a defined territory, a permanent population, and an organized government that has the capacity to enter into relations with other states. This definition emphasizes the role of the government as the managing authority over the population within its jurisdiction.

In this context, a state possesses sovereignty, meaning it has ultimate authority over its domestic and foreign affairs without interference from external authorities. Additionally, the government within a state operates under a structured form, whether democratic, autocratic, or any other form of governance, making it the key distinguishing feature.

The other options do not adequately capture the comprehensive nature of a 'state' as understood in international relations. For instance, describing a state as a nation without a defined territory overlooks the essential aspect of territorial integrity. An alliance of nation-states pertains more to blocs or coalitions rather than defining a 'state.' Lastly, a cultural group with shared interests describes a community or ethnic group but does not imply political sovereignty or territorial governance.