What term describes the rightness or wrongness of actions and the justice of their outcomes?

The term that describes the rightness or wrongness of actions and the justice of their outcomes is normative theory. Normative theory is foundational in disciplines like ethics and political philosophy, focusing on what ought to be rather than what is. It evaluates moral principles, values, and the justice of various actions and policies.

In the context of international relations, normative theory helps in assessing the ethical implications of state behavior, international agreements, and humanitarian interventions, guiding policymakers and scholars in advocating for just practices in the global arena. Through normative analysis, one can question the legitimacy of actions taken by states and explore the ethical frameworks that underpin international law and relations.

While empirical theory concerns itself with observation and evidence, scientific theory involves the formulation of hypotheses based on empirical data, and descriptive theory simply aims to explain phenomena without prescribing judgments, none of these capture the essence of evaluating morality and justice as clearly as normative theory does.