What year is associated with the Treaty of Westphalia, marking the birth of the modern state system?

The Treaty of Westphalia is recognized for establishing the foundations of the modern state system, primarily concluding the Thirty Years' War in Europe. This series of treaties, signed in 1648, marked a significant turning point in the history of international relations by introducing the principles of sovereign statehood and the legal equality of states. It emphasized the concept of territorial integrity and non-interference in the domestic affairs of other states, setting the stage for modern international law and diplomacy.

The significance of 1648 lies in its role in ending widespread religious conflicts and promoting political autonomy for states, thus leading to a new order based on the notion of national sovereignty. The subsequent recognition of statehood as a critical framework for international relations can be traced back to the principles established during this period.