Which concept focuses on the evaluation of actions based on observation?

The focus of the correct answer is on empirical theory, which emphasizes the importance of observation and evidence in the study of social phenomena. Empirical theory relies on data collected through methods such as experiments, surveys, and observations to verify claims and understand patterns in behavior and events. It seeks to ground knowledge in real-world evidence rather than speculation or assumptions, aligning closely with methods used in the natural sciences.

This approach posits that theories should be tested against observable realities, making it a cornerstone of scientific inquiry in fields including international relations. By prioritizing empirical evidence, scholars and practitioners aim to derive conclusions that are more objectively validated and subject to scrutiny.

The other concepts, while relevant in their own right, do not center specifically on observation in the same way. Normative theory focuses on what ought to be rather than what is, leading to a discussion based on values and ethical implications rather than empirical data. Behavioralism, while it does incorporate elements of observation, is primarily a methodology and approach within social science that illustrates patterns of behavior rather than strictly evaluating actions based on observation. Pragmatism is more a philosophical approach that values practical consequences and real-world applications, which can include but is not limited to empirical observation. Thus, empirical theory is specifically defined by its