Which concept suggests that interests are shaped not by material factors alone but also by social factors?

The concept that suggests interests are shaped by both social and material factors is constructivism. This theory emphasizes the importance of social constructs, such as identities, norms, and values, in shaping the interests and actions of states and other actors in international relations. Unlike realism, which primarily focuses on power and material capabilities, constructivism posits that the social context in which states operate significantly influences their behavior and interests. It acknowledges that the international system is not just defined by material power politics but is also shaped by social interactions and shared understandings.

Constructivism brings attention to how historical experiences and social contexts inform the way states perceive themselves and others, which subsequently influences their foreign policy decisions and alliances. This perspective allows for a more nuanced understanding of international relations, highlighting the role of ideational elements alongside traditional material factors.