Which is an example of a transnational issue in international relations?

An example of a transnational issue in international relations is climate change because it transcends national borders and affects multiple countries simultaneously. Climate change results from various factors, including greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and industrial pollution, and these environmental challenges do not respect geopolitical boundaries. The consequences, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and shifts in agricultural productivity, can have widespread impacts, necessitating cooperation among nations to address the issue effectively. This often involves collaborative efforts in policy-making, technology sharing, and joint agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, in which countries commit to specific targets for reducing emissions.

In comparison, border disputes and military alliances are typically centered on the interests and actions of individual states and their immediate geopolitical concerns. National elections are internal processes that primarily affect the governance and policies of a single country. Thus, these issues do not have the same cross-border implications that characterize transnational challenges like climate change.