Which theory involves constructing models to evaluate international actions through observation?

The correct answer is empirical theory, which focuses on the observation and analysis of actual events and data to understand international relations. Empirical theory relies on evidence gathered from real-world occurrences and aims to construct models that can explain or predict behaviors in the international system. By utilizing methods such as statistical analysis, case studies, and systematic observation, scholars and practitioners can evaluate international actions and derive insights that reflect the complexities of global interactions.

This approach stands in contrast to normative theory, which is more concerned with how things ought to be based on a set of ethical or moral standards rather than based on observation. Similarly, behavioral theory emphasizes the study of behavior rather than direct observation of actions and empirical data, while constructivist theory focuses on the social constructions of international relations and how ideas shape global politics, rather than purely observational data. Therefore, the emphasis on observation and model construction makes empirical theory the most accurate choice in this context.